Avoiding plagiarism of intellectual property E. Avoiding plagiarism of Internet sources F. What not to document. Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing A. Integrating sources B. Quoting sources C. Paraphrasing sources D. Summarizing sources E. Verbs for integrating sources. Writing About Readings A.
Typical assignments B. Summary essays C. Response essays D. Synthesis essays. Starting a Research Project A. Understanding research B. Topic choice C. Research question D. Types of research papers. Developing a Search Strategy A. Search strategies B. Sources C. Field research D. Documentation style E. Research log F. Working bibliography G.
Documentation software H. Annotated bibliography I. Content notes J. Research project plan. Finding Published Sources A. Published sources B. Using libraries C. Search engines and databases D. Using search engines and databases E. Books F. Periodicals G. Reference works H. Images I. Government documents. Evaluating Sources A. Location of a source B.
Credibility of the publisher C. Credibility of the author D. Use of evidence E. Other critical thinking tests. Synthesizing Sources in Research Papers A.
Synthesis of sources B. Relationships of sources C. Sources on different subtopics D. Sources agree E. Sources partly agree F. Sources disagree G. Sources aren't equally specific. Writing a Research Paper A. Writing process B. Drafting a thesis statement C. Outlining a research paper D. Drafting a research paper E. Frames for research papers F. Student's research paper G. Revising H. Editing and formatting. MLA documentation style B. MLA in-text documentation C. Additional MLA guidelines for parenthetical citations.
Works Cited list B. Sources in a Works Cited list C. Content or bibliographic notes. MLA format guidelines B. MLA-style research paper. APA documentation style B. APA in-text citations C. APA guidelines for in-text citations. References list B.
Sources in a References list. APA format guidelines B. APA-style research paper. CM-Style Documentation A. CM-style documentation B. Bibliographic notes. CSE-style documentation B. Sources in a list of references. Parts of Speech A. Nouns B. Pronouns C. Verbs D. Verbals E. Adjectives F. Adverbs G. Prepositions H. Conjunctions I. Parts of Sentences J.
Subjects and predicates K. Direct and indirect objects L. Complements, modifiers, and appositives M. Phrases N. Clauses O. Sentence types. Verbs A. How verbs function B. Forms of main verbs C. Auxiliary verbs D. Using lie or lay E. Verb tenses F. Indicative, imperative, and subjunctive moods G. Subject--Verb Agreement A. What subject--verb agreement is B. Ignoring words between a subject and its verb C. Subjects connected by and D.
Subjects connected by or E. Verbs with indefinite pronouns F. Verbs with who, which, and that G. Verbs with one of the. Other complicated cases. Pronoun--Antecedent Agreement A. What pronoun--antecedent agreement is B. Pronouns when and connects antecedents C. Pronouns when or connects antecedents D. Pronouns when antecedents are indefinite pronouns E. Pronouns when antecedents are collective nouns. Pronoun Reference F. Avoiding unclear pronoun reference G.
Pronouns with it, that, this, and which H. Using you for direct address I. Using who, which, and that. Pronoun Case J. What pronoun case is K. Whatever tech- nique you turn to, the goal is the same: to generate ideas that will lead you to a question, a problem, or a topic that you want to explore further.
Talking and listening Because writing is a process of figuring out what you think about a sub- ject, it can be useful to try out your ideas on other people. Conversation can deepen and refine your ideas even before you begin to draft.
By talking and listening to others, you can also discover what they find hackerhandbooks. What questions would you like to explore? How might readers benefit from reading about it? To persuade them? To call them to action? Some combination of these? How well informed are they about the subject? What possible objections will you need to anticipate and counter? A proposal? An analysis of data?
An essay? Direct observation? CMS Chicago? If not, what length seems appropriate, given your subject, purpose, audience, and genre? If so, do you have guidelines or examples to consult? A writing tutor? Your classmates? How much time will you need for the various stages of writing, including proofreading and printing or posting the final draft?
Editor, Author and editor, Translator, Editor and translator, Articles and other short works Article in a journal, a. Print, b. Web, c. Database, Article in a magazine, a. Article in a newspaper, a. Web, Abstract, a. Abstract of a journal article, b. Abstract of a paper, Supplemental material, Article with a title in its title, Letter to the editor, Editorial or other unsigned article, Newsletter article, Review, Published interview, Article in a reference work encyclopedia, dictionary, wiki , a.
Two or more works by the same author in the same year, Two or more works in the same parentheses, At the suggestion of a former colleague. Beginning college writers come from a wide range of backgrounds and communities. Writing is a process of figuring out what you think, not a matter of recording already developed thoughts.
You will generally move from planning to drafting to revising, but as your ideas develop, you will find yourself circling back and returning to earlier stages. Begin by taking a look at your writing situation.
Consider your subject, your purpose, your audience, available sources of information, and any assignment requirements such as genre, length, document design, and deadlines see the checklist on p. Purpose In many writing situations, part of your challenge will be determining your purpose, or your reason, for writing.
Nancy Sommers, who has made composition and awkward composition programs for thirty years, now exists writing and mentors new idea teachers at Harvard s Worked School of Education. Fond creating your citation use the story of elements Because of this paradigm change, the works-cited-list entries produced by the two paragraphs are different. C1 Planning C1-a Control the writing situation. It is explainable to shorten or debate the title. It could be jerry for change, both in South Africa and in Art Lurie.
File Name: a writers reference 8th edition. Will your readers resist any of your ideas? What possible objections will you need to anticipate and counter? A proposal? An analysis of data? An essay? If the genre is not assigned, what genre is appropriate for your subject, purpose, and audience?
Does the genre require a specific design format or method of organization? Where will your information come from: Reading? Direct observation? What type of evidence suits your subject, purpose, audience, and genre? What documentation style is required: MLA? CMS Chicago? Do you have length specifications? If not, what length seems appropriate, given your subject, purpose, audience, and genre? Is a particular format required? If so, do you have guidelines or examples to consult?
Who will be reviewing your draft in progress: Your instructor? A writing tutor? Your classmates? What are your deadlines? How much time will you need for the various stages of writing, including proofreading and printing or posting the final draft? APA-1 Supporting a thesis, a Forming a working thesis, b Organizing your ideas, c Using sources to inform and support your argument, APA-3 Integrating sources, a Using quotations appropriately, b Using signal phrases to integrate sources, c Synthesizing sources, Article in a journal or magazine, Article from a database, Book, Section in a Web document, CMS-3 Integrating sources, a Using quotations appropriately, b Using signal phrases to integrate sources, Book, Article in a journal, Article from a database, Letter in a published collection, Primary source from a Web site, Two or more works by the same author in the same year, Two or more works in the same parentheses, Multiple citations to the same work in one paragraph, Web source, a.
No page numbers, b. Unknown author, c. Unknown date,
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